The paper is a partial result of an iconographic research of the iconographies of an artist and an architect, motivated by the miniature The God Creator in the Bible Moraliseé manuscript. In ancient and biblical sources the authors examined the legibility of these terms in order to give evidence that deus architectus and sapiens architectus have been invented and used before the manuscript was compiled. The textual researches show, that in the term deus architectus the (...) meanings of the words architectand architecture, indicating the whole of building practice, intertwined probably with the meanings related to the God Creator. The practice of an architect could therefore represent the act of Creation, and vice versa, the act of Creation could uplift the practice of architecture. (shrink)

Les fouilles effectuées au cours de ces dernières dizaines d’années, ont modifié profondément le tableau qu’on se faisait de la préhistoire chinoise. Au début du xxe siècle, les savants les plus connus pouvaient encore mettre en doute l’existence d’une époque néolithique chinoise — mais depuis lors, l’activité de l’archéologie a mis à jour un vaste matériel et paléolithique et néolithique. Le présent article, extrait du premier volume d’une histoire économique et sociale de la Chine, donne une vue d’ensemble du matériel (...) nouvellement acquis et cherche à le mettre en valeur pour une considération sociologique.L’homo pekinensis, l’ancien habitant de la Chine paléolithique du Nord connaissait le feu ; il se servait d’instruments et d’armes en pierre travaillée. Aux deux degrés de son évolution de chasseur primitif et de chasseur évolué, correspondent deux degrés de perfection de ces instruments. Il semble bien que les prisonniers aient été tués (et mangés?) sans distinction d’âge et de sexe. Les chasseurs ne sauraient que faire du travail d’esclave.Vers la fin de l’époque néolithique chinoise se produisit un épanouissement que la rare perfection de la céramique „rouge“ et „noire“ indique assez bien. La filiation somatique de l’homo pekinensis et du Chinois des époques ultérieures est probable ; il semble hors de doute que l’homme de l’époque néolithique soit du même type que celui de la Chine historique. Primitivement, l’agriculture (à la houe) était faite par les femmes, qui en même temps confectionnaient à la main — par la suite au moyen d'une plaque très simple — la céramique,,rouge“ ; les hommes continuaient à s'occuper de la chasse et de la pêche. Dès lors apparaît, encore qu'assez vaguement, une civilisation démocratique et paysanne, caractérisée probablement par des éléments matriarchaux. Vers l'époque de la céramique „noire“ se produit la transition vers l'élevage et à la céramique qui connaît alors le tour de potier — ces deux sortes de travaux incombent aux hommes. L'agriculture se fait plus intense, c'est peut-être ici qu'il convient de supposer les premiers débuts de la construction de terrasses et de l'irrigation. Les esclaves trouvent un emploi, une différenciation sociale se produit, c'est l'origine des villes. La société agraire primitive fait place à un ordre nouveau. Celui-ci s'exprime socialement parlant par une noblesse de clan primitive, politiquement par l'État.Les découvertes les plus récentes de l'archéologie chinoise apportent de nombreuses preuves pour l'évolution telle qu'elle vient d'être esquissée. L'analyse des mythes archaïques et des contes populaires de la Chine confirme, par la suite, au moyen de l'anthropologie ce que l'étude avait jusqu'ici rendu hautement probable par les méthodes de l'archéologie.Die Ausgrabungen der letzten Jahrzehnte haben das Bild der chinesischen Frühgeschichte grundlegend geändert. Während noch zu Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts führende Gelehrte die Existenz eines chinesischen Neolithikums bezweifelten, hat seither die Tätigkeit der Archäologie sowohl paläolithische wie neolithische Funde in grosser Reichhaltigkeit zutage gefördert. Der vorliegende Aufsatz — Sektion I des ersten Bandes einer Wirtschafts-und Sozialgeschichte Chinas — gibt einen Überblick über das neu gewonnene Material und sucht es sozialwissenschaftlich auszuwerten.Homo pekinensis, der (früh) altsteinzeitliche Bewohner Nordchinas kannte das Feuer ; er benutzte Werkzeuge und Waffen aus behauenem Stein. Zwei Stufen der Bearbeitung seiner Geräte deuten zwei Stufen seiner ökonomischen Entwicklung an, die des „niederen“ und des „höheren“ Jägertums. Gefangene scheinen ohne Unterschied von Alter und Geschlecht getötet (und verzehrt?) worden zu sein. Jäger haben für Sklavenarbeit keine Verwendung.Reich entwickelt ist Chinas (spätes) Neolithikum, dessen „rote“ und „schwarze“ Töpferei von seltener Vollkommenheit ist. Der Zusammenhang des homo pekinensis mit den späteren Chinesen ist somatisch wahrscheinlich, die Zugehörigkeit der Bewohner des chinesischen Neolithikums zu dem geschichtlichen Chinesentum scheint ausser Zweifel. Ursprünglich wurde offenbar der Ackerbau (Hackbau) von Frauen betrieben, die zugleich mit der Hand — und später mit einem einfachen Drehrad — die „rote“ Töpferei herstellten, während die Männer fortfuhren zu jagen und zu fischen. Das Bild einer primitiven demokratischen Dorfkultur mit vermutlich mutterrechtlichen Zügen wird andeutungsweise sichtbar. Es folgt zur Zeit der „schwarzen“ Töpferei der Übergang zur von Männern betriebenen Viehzucht und zu einer mit der Töpferscheibe von Männern durchgeführten Töpferei. Der Ackerbau wird intensiver, die ersten Anfänge von Terrassenbau und Bewässerung liegen vielleicht hier. Sklaven werden verwendbar, soziale Differenzierung tritt ein. Städte entstehen. Die primitive Agrargesellschaft verwandelt sich in eine Ordnung neuer Art, deren sozialer Ausdruck ein primitiver Clan-Adel, deren politischer Ausdruck der Staat ist.Die jüngsten Entdeckungen auf dem Gebiete der chinesischen Archäologie erbringen zahlreiche Beweise für einen derartigen Entwicklungsgang. Die Analyse von Chinas archaischen Mythen und Volkserzählungen bestätigt im Fortgang der Untersuchung mit den Mitteln der Anthropologie, was die hier gebotene Darstellung mit den Methoden der Archäologie bereits in hohem Grad wahrscheinlich gemacht hat. (shrink)

Back in Ancient India, Shankaracharya postulated a philosophy which is now known as Advaita. According to Advaita philosophy, the ‘jivãtma’ (individual soul) and ‘Brahmãtma’ (universal soul) are one and the same and these are the only ‘real’ things that exist. Everything else is an illusion. To challenge this almost unshakeable viewpoint, I bring to the fore a book authored by a Nobel Laureate. In 1935, Alexis Carrel’s revolutionary book entitled “Man the Unknown” was published. Though controversial in terms of its (...) content, it delineates the unexplored aspects of the human being – the understanding of mental processes and consciousness, which he claims humans have not mastered. Throughout the book, Carrel suggests that there is something that is unknown in the homo sapiens and hence he titles his work “Man the Unknown.” Based on this, I argue that both the esoteric East and the pragmatic West have not uncovered something “hidden” –the unknown factor/element. Substantial evidence exists for this contention in the scientific community. For example, questions such as among identical twins diagnosed with depression, why does one medication cure depression for one twin and have no effect on the other twin? Ceteris paribus, why does therapy work for one client but not for another client with the same disorder? These questions do not have clear, crystallized answers. Perhaps, if such a thing like an unknown element exists, it would pave the way for the postulation of the Grand Theory of the behavioural sciences. (shrink)

John Gray, Professor of European Thought at the London School of Economics and the author of the book under review should not be confused with the John Gray who thinks that men are from Mars and women from Venus. Our man is a political philosopher, best known for a string of books on liberalism and a lot less sanguine about the prospects for humanity than his New Age namesake. In fact, perhaps on account of his earlieRAffection for Margaret Thatcher, he (...) concludes: ' Humanity does not exist. There are only humans . . .' . If Gray's reclassification of homo sapiens as homo rapiens and his ecological pessimism are right, humans are unlikely to be around for much longer either. John Gray, Straw Dogs: Thoughts on Humans and Other animals, London: Granta Publications, 2002, ?12.99, ISBN 1862075123. (shrink)

The urgency of the research topic lies in the author's search for the elimination of environmental and other threats to the existence of mankind. The population of Homo Sapiens increases quantitatively, intensify the rate of degradation of the natural environment and accelerates the movement to the total Collapse. Scientists in the world create only "appeals" and “warnings” of danger, but even the UN decision and three environmental forums 1992, 2002 and 2012 do not indicate real means of salvation. The (...) purpose of the study is a critical analysis of the works of scientists of the world and their environmental projects and plans. The objectives of the study are to offer a real way of saving humanity through the replacement of industrial technologies with environmentally safe nootechnologies, the development and use of the noosciences. The methodology of the study is based on the authors' foundations of the basis of many new exact and humanitarian noosciences - noophilosophy, nooecology, noohistory, noosociology, noocognitiology, and others. We use the noointegral, systemic and noohistorical methods within the framework of a promising principle of global evolutionism with transdisciplinary approaches. The result of the study is unquestionable evidence that in the flow of nanotechnologies since 2000 ecologically safe appears, which we propose to call "wise" - neotechnologies. Their number is small and the number is growing slowly, but the trends of world science evidenced by the inevitability of the victory of nootechnologies and elimination of all industrial technologies. The main result of the study is the list of noosciences and nootechnologies, which are "terms from the future". They form the Nooglossary for which we received the copyright certificate - a legal document of our author's priority. The conclusion is that humanity will be saved not by the "third industrial revolution" by J. Rifkin and not by the "fourth" K. Schwab or “smart-activity”, but by the development of the nooosciences and the massive use of environmentally safe nootechnologies. Nooera has already begun, but humanity does not notice it yet. The first nootechnologies exist, but they are still too small. We have created the Nooglossary to accelerate the progression of noofuture. (shrink)

This target article presents a plausible evolutionary scenario for the emergence of the neural preconditions for language in the hominid lineage. In pleistocene primate lineages there was a paired evolutionary expansion of frontal and parietal neocortex (through certain well-documented adaptive changes associated with manipulative behaviors) resulting, in ancestral hominids, in an incipient Broca's region and in a configurationally unique junction of the parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes of the brain (the POT). On our view, the development of the POT in (...) our ancestors resulted in the neuroanatomical substrate consistent with the ability for representations in modality-neutral association cortex and, as a result of structure-imposing interaction with Broca's area, the hierarchically structured Evidence from paleoneurology and comparative primate neuroanatomy is used to argue that Homo habilis (2.5–2 million years ago) was the first hominid to have the appropriate gross neuroanatomical configuration to support conceptual structure. We thus suggest that the neural preconditions for language are met in H. habilis. Finally, we advocate a theory of language acquisition that uses conceptual structure as input to the learning procedures, thus bridging the gap between it and language. (shrink)

In her recent writings on the powers and limits of psychoanalysis, Julia Kristeva develops a theory of power and subjectivity that engages implicitly, if not explicitly, with biopolitical themes. Exploring these engagements, this paper draws on Kristeva to discuss the mute symptoms of homo sacer and the regulatory power of the spectacle. Staging an uncommon (and sometimes antagonistic) conversation between Kristeva, Agamben, and Foucault, I construct a field of inquiry that I term the “psychic life of biopolitics.”.

Adolescence signifies a transition from the use of prereproductive to reproductive strategies in the life history of Homo sapiens. Insofar as human generations overlap, events at adolescence, surrounding the onset of puberty, offer a unique glimpse into human adaptation from the point of view of the changing strategies of both parents and offspring. The timing of puberty is an important life history trait that varies between species, but also between and within the sexes in human beings. The onset of (...) puberty marks the beginning of the reproductive life, is affected by previous experience, and serves as a trigger for behavioral change. Surbey (1988, 1990) reported relationships between father absence, heightened levels of childhood stress, and early menarche and considered them within the context of human evolutionary history. Subsequently, similar findings have been reported in a number of human populations and have been interpreted from several evolutionary perspectives. This article discusses the extent to which these and related findings regarding alterations in the timing of human puberty reflect evolved parental or offspring strategies. It entails a consideration of the applicability of the concepts of phenotypic plasticity, nonadaptive genetic variation, and conditional and alternative reproductive strategies in describing the interwoven nature of strategies employed by parent and child in the transition at adolescence. (shrink)

_Purpose._ The study aims to substantiate philosophical anthropology as a space for the development of biopolitics, which is a relatively new synthetic scientific knowledge of the political in the biological and the biological in the political, which, however, has its roots in the era of antiquity. The analysis of biopolitics in the context of contemporary global challenges, in particular the COVID-19 pandemic, is carried out, which allows to actualize a new direction of biopolitics – microbiopolitics. _Theoretical basis._ The study is (...) based on an understanding of the initial, in relation to biopolitics, the nature of philosophical anthropology. While philosophical anthropology seeks an answer to the question – who is _Homo sapiens_, given the biosocial nature of man, biopolitics specifies the question in the form – who is _homo politicus_ in modern socio-political space with a focus on the imperative of a human-centred approach in the social sciences. The study is based on scientific works by specialists in philosophical anthropology and biopolitics. _Originality._ The authors substantiate the expediency and relevance of considering philosophical anthropology as a contextual space for the evolution of biopolitical knowledge from the natural philosophy of Antiquity to modern microbiopolitics. _Conclusions._ Philosophical anthropology is seen as a specific epistemological landscape in which fields of scientific knowledge are formed and developed that are in one way or another involved in the philosophical problems of man: philosophical psychology, social anthropology, philosophy of medicine, humanology, philosophy of education, ethics, as well as biophilosophy, bioethics, and, in particular, biopolitics. (shrink)

In the target article, we presented the hypothesis that parasite-stress variation was a causal factor in the variation of in-group assortative sociality, cross-nationally and across the United States, which we indexed with variables that measured different aspects of the strength of family ties and religiosity. We presented evidence supportive of our hypothesis in the form of analyses that controlled for variation in freedom, wealth resources, and wealth inequality across nations and the states of the USA. Here, we respond to criticisms (...) from commentators and attempt to clarify and expand the parasite-stress theory of sociality used to fuel our research presented in the target article. (shrink)

The study aimed to identify the strategic sensitivity and its impact on enhancing the creative behavior of Palestinian NGOs in Gaza Strip, and the study used the descriptive analytical approach and the questionnaire as a main tool for collecting data from employees of associations working in Gaza Strip governorates, and the cluster sample method was used and the sample size reached (343) individuals (298) questionnaires were retrieved, and the following results were reached: The relative weight of strategic sensitivity was 79.22 (...) (%), and the relative weight of creative behavior was 78.99 (%), a statistically significant relationship between all strategic sensitivity and creative behavior, and the presence of a sensitivity effect The strategy’s strategy on creative behavior, there are statistically significant differences in the scale dimensions attributable to the gender variable and the differences were in favor of females, there are no statistically significant differences between the averages of strategic sensitivity due to the age variable, and the educational qualification, and there were no statistically significant differences in creative behavior according to The gender variable, age, educational qualification, specialization, and the study presented a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: the need for civil organizations in Gaza Strip to seek funding from external countries in order to provide self-income for associations to face crises and give them independence Mechanism in order to keep them to carry out their role in society, the need to follow up the strategic plan of civil organizations using e-mails as they pave the way to reach excellence and creativity in the field of work. (shrink)

There are a number of problematic features within the current treatment of time in physical theories, including the “timelessness” of the Universe as encapsulated by the Wheeler–DeWitt equation. This paper considers one particular investigation into resolving this issue; a conditional probability interpretation that was first proposed by Page and Wooters. Those authors addressed the apparent timelessness by subdividing a faux Universe into two entangled parts, “the clock” and “the remainder of the Universe”, and then synchronizing the effective dynamics of the (...) two subsystems by way of conditional probabilities. The current treatment focuses on the possibility of using a realistic clock system; namely, a coherent-state description of a damped harmonic oscillator. This clock proves to be consistent with the conditional probability interpretation; in particular, a standard evolution operator is identified with the position of the clock playing the role of time for the rest of the Universe. Restrictions on the damping factor are determined and, perhaps contrary to expectations, the optimal choice of clock is not necessarily one of minimal damping. (shrink)

Many lymphokine genes have now been cloned from activated T cells and their products have been expressed in mammalian cells. Use of these recombinant lymphokines has provided the opportunity to evaluate both the spectrum of their biological activities and the mechanisms of their action in promoting proliferation and differentiation of hemopoietic and lymphoid cells. Characterization of the structure of lymphokine genes will provide information about their regulated expression in T‐cell activation.

We study the structure of algebraic -closed subsets of an algebraic lattice L, where is some Browerian binary relation on L, in the special case when the lattice of such subsets is an atomistic lattice. This gives an approach to investigate the atomistic lattices of congruence-Noetherian quasivarieties.

We study the structure of algebraic τ-closed subsets of an algebraic lattice L, where τ is some Browerian binary relation on L, in the special case when the lattice of such subsets is an atomistic lattice. This gives an approach to investigate the atomistic lattices of congruence-Noetherian quasivarieties.

The aim of the paper is to analyse and explicate the meanings the word „identification“ has in common language, philosophy of language and in P. Tichý’s theory of constructions. The author distinguishes acts of identification performed by a man from identification carried out by some expressions. He tries to argue that in case of expressions identifying is the same as referring and in case of Tichý’s constructions identifying means constructing.

Mind uploading speculation and debate often concludes that a procedure described as gradual in-place replacement preserves personal identity while a procedure described as destructive scan-and-copy produces some other identity in the target substrate such that personal identity is lost along with the biological brain. This paper demonstrates a chain of reasoning that establishes metaphysical equivalence between these two methods in terms of preserving personal identity.

In this paper a uniform methodology to perform natural\ndeduction over the family of linear, relevance and intuitionistic\nlogics is proposed. The methodology follows the Labelled\nDeductive Systems (LDS) discipline, where the deductive process\nmanipulates {\em declarative units} -- formulas {\em labelled}\naccording to a {\em labelling algebra}. In the system described\nhere, labels are either ground terms or variables of a given {\em\nlabelling language} and inference rules manipulate formulas and\nlabels simultaneously, generating (whenever necessary)\nconstraints on the labels used in the rules. A set of natural\ndeduction style (...) inference rules is given, and the notion of a\n{\em derivation} is defined which associates a labelled natural\ndeduction style ``structural derivation'' with a set of generated\nconstraints. Algorithmic procedures, based on a technique called\n{\em resource abduction\/}, are defined to solve the constraints\ngenerated within a structural derivation, and their termination\nconditions discussed. A natural deduction derivation is then\ndefined to be {\em correct} with respect to a given substructural\nlogic, if, under the condition that the algorithmic procedures\nterminate, the associated set of constraints is satisfied with\nrespect to the underlying labelling algebra. Finally, soundness\nand completeness of the natural deduction system are proved with\nrespect to the LKE tableaux system \cite{daga:LAD}.\footnote{Full\nversion of a paper presented at the {\em 3rd Workshop on Logic,\nLanguage, Information and Computation\/} ({\em WoLLIC'96\/}), May\n8--10, Salvador (Bahia), Brazil, organised by Univ.\ Federal de\nPernambuco (UFPE) and Univ.\ Federal da Bahia (UFBA), and\nsponsored by IGPL, FoLLI, and ASL.}. (shrink)

Kate Storey is experienced in direct service, education and administration in both hospital and community settings. She is a family member; she was diagnosed with depression in 1980 and is “in recovery”. She is a doctoral student in the Faculty of Education at the University of Western Ontario with research interests in recovery education and empowerment. Tanya Shute is Executive Director of the Krasman Centre: a Consumer Survivor Initiative, which embraces a wellness and recovery focus. She is a social activist (...) who identii es as having personal experience with mental health challenges and substance abuse. Her undergraduate degree from York University is in Public Policy and Administration; she is completing her MSW in social policy at Laurentian University. Ann h ompson is a “survivor/ provider” trained in critical social work at York University, who is exploring the application of recovery principles in programs/organizations supporting consumer/survivors and family members. Ann is a certii ed Wellness Recovery Action Plan Facilitator and has adapted the WRAP framework to a family setting. She developed the Critical Perspectives in Mental Health curriculum in the Masters Social Work program at York University. (shrink)

How (Not) to Be Secular is what Jamie Smith calls "your hitchhiker's guide to the present" -- it is both a reading guide to Charles Taylor's monumental work A Secular Age and philosophical guidance on how we might learn to live in our times. Taylor's landmark book A Secular Age (2007) provides a monumental, incisive analysis of what it means to live in the post-Christian present -- a pluralist world of competing beliefs and growing unbelief. Jamie Smith's book is a (...) compact field guide to Taylor's insightful study of the secular, making that very significant but daunting work accessible to a wide array of readers. Even more, though, Smith's How (Not) to Be Secular is a practical philosophical guidebook, a kind of how-to manual on how to live in our secular age. It ultimately offers us an adventure in self-understanding and maps out a way to get our bearings in today's secular culture, no matter who "we" are -- whether believers or skeptics, devout or doubting, self-assured or puzzled and confused. This is a book for any thinking person to chew on. (shrink)

Current textbooks in formal semantics are all versions of, or introductions to, the same paradigm in semantic theory: Montague Grammar. Knowledge of Meaning is based on different assumptions and a different history. It provides the only introduction to truth- theoretic semantics for natural languages, fully integrating semantic theory into the modern Chomskyan program in linguistic theory and connecting linguistic semantics to research elsewhere in cognitive psychology and philosophy. As such, it better fits into a modern graduate or undergraduate program in (...) linguistics, cognitive science, or philosophy. Furthermore, since the technical tools it employs are much simpler to teach and to master, Knowledge of Meaning can be taught by someone who is not primarily a semanticist. Linguistic semantics cannot be studied as a stand-alone subject but only as part of cognitive psychology, the authors assert. It is the study of a particular human cognitive competence governing the meanings of words and phrases. Larson and Segal argue that speakers have unconscious knowledge of the semantic rules of their language, and they present concrete, empirically motivated proposals about a formal theory of this competence based on the work of Alfred Tarski and Donald Davidson. The theory is extended to a wide range of constructions occurring in natural language, including predicates, proper nouns, pronouns and demonstratives, quantifiers, definite descriptions, anaphoric expressions, clausal complements, and adverbs. Knowledge of Meaning gives equal weight to philosophical, empirical, and formal discussions. It addresses not only the empirical issues of linguistic semantics but also its fundamental conceptual questions, including the relation of truth to meaning and the methodology of semantic theorizing. Numerous exercises are included in the book. (shrink)